Wednesday, March 18, 2020
Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives Explained
Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives Explained A verbalà is a word derived from aà verbà that functions in a sentence as aà nounà orà modifierà rather than as a verb. In other words, a verbalà is a verb that acts like a different part of speech. Verbals includeà infinitives,à gerundsà (also known asà -ingà forms), andà participlesà (also known asà -ingà formsà andà -enà forms). A word group based on a verbal is called aà verbal phrase. Each of these verbals is often part of a phrase, which includes related modifiers, objects, andà complements. What Are Participles? A participle is a verb form that can be used as an adjective to modify nouns and pronouns, as in this example: The children, crying and exhausted, were guided out of the collapsed house. Crying is a present participle, formed by adding -ing to the present form of the verb (cry). Exhausted is a past participle, formed by adding -ed to the present form of the verb (exhaust). Both participles modify the subject, children. All present participles end in -ing. The past participles of all regular verbs end in -ed. Irregular verbs, however, have various past participle endings- for instance, thrown,à ridden, built, and gone. A participial phrase is made up of a participle and its modifiers. A participle may be followed by an object, an adverb, a prepositional phrase, an adverb clause, or any combination of these. For example, in the following sentence the participial phrase consists of a present participle (holding), an object (the torch), and an adverb (steadily): Holding the torch steadily, Jenny approached the monster. In the next sentence, the participial phrase consists of a present participle (making), an object (a great ring), and a prepositional phrase (of white light): Jenny waved the torch over her head, making a great ring of white light. What Are Gerunds? A gerund is a verb form ending in -ing that functions in a sentence as a noun. Although both the present participle and the gerund are formed by adding -ing to a verb, the participle does the job of an adjective while the gerund does the job of a noun. Compare the verbals in these two sentences: The children, crying and exhausted, were guided out of the collapsed house.Crying will not get you anywhere. Whereas the participle crying modifies the subject in the first sentence, the gerund crying is the subject of the second sentence. What Are Infinitives? An infinitive is a verb form- often preceded by theà particleà to- that can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Compare the verbals in these two sentences: I dont like crying in public unless Im getting paid for it.I dont like to cry in public unless Im getting paid for it. In the first sentence, the gerund crying serves as the direct object. In the second sentence, the infinitive to cry performs the same function. Exercise: Identifying Verbals For each of the following sentences, decide if the word or phrase in italics is a participle, a gerund, or an infinitive. The childrens singing and laughing woke me up.Jenny likes to dance in the rain.There are many ways of breaking a heart.A broken heart will mend over time.Happiness is having a large, loving, caring, close-knit family in another city. - George BurnsI believe that laughing is the best calorie burner.I dont want to achieve immortality through my work. I want to achieve it through not dying. - Woody AllenI dont want to achieve immortality through my work. I want to achieve it through not dying. - Woody AllenIt is not enough to succeed. Others must fail. - Gore VidalSucceeding is not enough. Others must fail. Answer Key Gerund: In this sentence, the wordsà singingà andà laughing function as nouns, making them gerunds.Infinitive: You can tell thatà to danceà is an infinitive because to precedes the word dance.à Gerund: The verbalà breakingà serves as a noun. It is also the object of the prepositionà of.(Past) participle: Implied in this sentence is the verbal phrase, thatà has beenà preceding the verbal,à broken, making it a past participle, which indicates something that happened and was completed in the past.(Present) participles:à Loving and caringà are actions that are occurring in the present, making these verbals present participles.Gerund:à Laughingà is a noun making it a gerund.Infinitives: The verbal to achieve, in both cases, is an infinitive because its a verb preceded byà to.Gerund:à Dyingà is used as a noun in the sentence.Infinitive:à To succeedà is an infinitive- a verb preceded byà to.Gerund:à Succeedingà is a noun here; indeed, it is th e subject of the first sentence, making it a gerund.
Sunday, March 1, 2020
History of WD-40
History of WD-40 If youve ever used WD-40 to oil up something squeaky in your home, you may have wondered, just what does WD-40 stand for? Well, according to the company that makes WD-40, WD-40 literally stands forWater Displacement 40th à attempt. Thats the name straight out of the lab book used by the chemist who helped develop WD-40 back in 1953. Normanà Larsenà was attempting to concoct a formula to prevent corrosion, a task which is done by displacing water. Norms persistence paid off when he perfected the formula for WD-40 on his 40th try. Rocket Chemical Company WD-40 was invented by the three founders of the Rocket Chemical Company of San Diego, California. The team of inventors was working on a line of industrial rust-prevention solvents and degreasers for use in the aerospace industry. Today, ità is manufactured by the San Diego, California-based WD-40 Company. WD-40 was first used to protect the outer skin of the Atlas Missile from rust and corrosion. When it was discovered to have many household uses, Larsen repackaged WD-40 into aerosol cans for consumer use and the product was sold to the general public in 1958. In 1969, the Rocket Chemical Company was renamed after its only product WD-40. Interesting Uses for WD-40 Two of the craziest purposes for WD-40 include a bus driver in Asia who used WD-40 to remove a python snake which had coiled itself around the undercarriage of his bus and police officers who used WD-40 to remove a naked burglar trapped in an air conditioning vent. Ingredients WD-40s main ingredients as supplied in aerosol cans, according to the U.S.à Material Safety Data Sheetà information, are: 50% aliphatic hydrocarbons. The manufacturers website claims this ratio in the current formulation cannot accurately be described asà Stoddard solvent, a similar mixture of hydrocarbons.25%à petroleumà base oil. Presumably, mineral oilà or light lubricating oil.12ââ¬â18% lowà vapor pressureà aliphatic hydrocarbon. Reduces the liquids viscosity so that it can be used in aerosols. The hydrocarbon evaporates during application.2ââ¬â3% carbon dioxide. A propellant which is now used instead of the originalà liquefied petroleum gasà to reduce WD-40s flammability.10% inert ingredients.ââ¬â¹ The long-term active ingredient is a non-volatile viscous oil which remains on the surface to which it is applied, giving lubrication and protection from moisture.ââ¬â¹ The oil is diluted with a volatile hydrocarbon to make a low viscosity fluid which can be aerosolized to penetrate crevices. The volatile hydrocarbon then evaporates, leaving behind the oil. A propellant (originally a low-molecular-weight hydrocarbon, now carbon dioxide) creates pressure in the can to force the liquid through the cans nozzle before evaporating. Its properties make it useful in both domestic and commercial settings. Typical uses for WD-40 include removing dirt and removing stubborn screws and bolts. It can also be used to loosen stuck zippers and displace moisture. Due to its lightness (i.e. low viscosity), WD-40 is not always the preferred oil for certain tasks. Applications that require higher viscosity oils may useà motor oils. Those requiring a mid-range oil could useà honing oil.
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